Some of the papyrus on which the text appears shows clear signs of earlier use, being that previous, washed-off writings are also visible on it. These scriptures were written in the early Hijazi Arabic script, matching the pieces of the earliest Quranic manuscripts known to exist. According to journalist Toby Lester, his examination revealed "unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography and artistic embellishment." Puin was the head of a restoration project commissioned by the Yemeni government, which spent a significant amount of time examining the ancient Quranic manuscripts discovered in the Great Mosque of Sanaa, Yemen in 1972, in order to find criteria for systematically cataloging them. Puin's photograph of one of the parchments preserved in the Sanaa manuscript In regards to his approach of historical research, Puin is considered a representative of the "Saarbrücken School", which is part of the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies.ĭiscovery of the Sanaa manuscript Gerd R. He was a lecturer of Arabic language and literature at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany. Gerd Rüdiger Puin (born 1940) is a German scholar of Oriental studies, specializing in Quranic palaeography, Arabic calligraphy and orthography. Arabica 57 No. 4 (2010) 343–436.German orientalist and palaeographer (born 1940) Sadeghi, Behnam Bergmann, Uwe, " The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qur'ān of the Prophet". " (Sadeghi & Goudarzi, " San'a' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'an," Der Islam 87, No. The inception of at least some Qur'anic textual traditions must have involved semi-oral transmission, most likely via hearers who wrote down a text that was recited by the Prophet. Furthermore, the manuscript sheds light on the manner in which the text was transmitted. However, the analysis shows that the suras were formed earlier. Some ancient reports and modern scholars assign this event to the reign of the third caliph and link it with his standardizing the text of the Qur'an around AD 650. The comparison settles a perennial controversy about the date at which existing passages were joined together to form the suras (chapters). Comparing it with parallel textual traditions provides a unique window onto the initial state of the text from which the different traditions emerged. As the only known extant copy from a textual tradition beside the standard Uthmanic one, it has the greatest potential of any known manuscript to shed light on the early history of the scripture. "The lower text of San'a 1 is at present the most important document for the history of the Qur'an. Writing in 2012 Behnam Sadeghi of Stanford University and Mohsen Goudarzi of Harvard University stated: About 80 folios are known to exist: 36 in Yemen’s Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (House of Manuscripts), 4 in private collections (after being auctioned abroad), and 40 in the Eastern Library of the Grand Mosque in Sana’a.Many of the folios in the House of Manuscripts are physically incomplete (perhaps due to damage),whereas those in private possession or held by the Eastern Library are all complete.These 80 folios comprise roughly half of the Qur'an" (Wikipedia article on Sana'a palimpsest, accessed 11-20-2014). However, variants occur much more frequently in the Sana'a codex, which contains "by a rough estimate perhaps twenty-five times as many ". For example, in sura 2, verse 87, the lower text has wa-qaffaynā 'alā āthārihi whereas the standard text has wa-qaffaynā min ba'dihi. Such variants are similar to the ones reported for the Qur'an codices of Companions such as Ibn Mas'ud and Ubayy b. "While the upper text is almost identical with the modern Qur'ans in use (with the exception of spelling variants), the lower text contains significant diversions from the standard text. According to the Wikipedia, radiocarbon analysis dated the parchment containing the undertext to before 671 CE with "99% accuracy". The upper text conforms to the standard 'Uthmanic Qur'an, whereas the lower text or undertext contains many variants to the standard text. Written on parchment in Hijazi script (Hejazi, خط حجازي ḫaṭṭ ḥiǧāzī ), the manuscript comprises two layers of text. Among those, the Sana'a palimpsest (Sana'a 1) is among the earliest surviving manuscripts of the Qur'an. In 1972 workers renovating a wall in the atttic of the Great Mosque of Sana'a ( الجامع الكبير بصنعاء Al-Jāmiʿ al-Kabīr bi-Ṣanʿā) in Yemen discovered a large collection of early manuscripts, including fragments from nearly 1000 early Qur'an codices.
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